HARLEM GOSPEL & JAZZ THEATER
Affiliated to Harlem Opera Theater, Inc.

arturo@harlemgospelandjazz.com phone 347 4105021

VIDEO DEMOS
1) Luna Park, Buenos Aires, 2001.
2) Duke Ellington Sacred Concerts, Santiago, 2005.
3) Porgy and Bess excerpts, 2006.
4) How I've Got Over, 2006.

EXCERPTS FROM PRESS REVIEWS

"The San Martin Theater enjoyed a religious feast thru the fantastic accords of Gospel Music. The African American choir performed twice to full houses, and had a great impact." Juan Pablo Sanchez Noli, La Gaceta, Tucuman, 2005 "With Hopkins and his choir we enjoyed again the best of Gospel Music." Ricardo Salton, Ambito Financiero, Buenos Aires, 2003
”A mix choir from a church on Convent Avenue, Harlem (New York), made vibrate the Luna Park Stadium for three nights in a row. Their religious songs provoked indescribable emotions in the audiences.” Jorge Aulicino, Clarin, Buenos Aires, 2001 "The San Martin Theater enjoyed a religious feast thru the fantastic accords of Gospel Music. The African American choir is awesome." Juan Sanchez, La Gaceta, Rosario, 2005

MUSIC GROUPS

Affiliated Music Groups:
Harlem Jubilee Singers (Great Voices of Gospel)
Great Men of Gospel
Inspirational Ensemble, C.A.B.C.
All Saints Gospel Quartet

DIRECTOR

Gregory Henry Hopkins is a native of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and holds degrees in Music from Temple University and Curtis Institute of Music.

Operatic Background:
He is the winner of top prizes in the Buseto Verdi Competition and the Mantova International Vocal Competition, both in Italy. Professor Hopkins has sung the role of Othello with the Metropolitan Opera Education department. He has sung the Manzoni Requiem be Verdi with the Orchestras of Anchorage, Alaska; Chicago Illinois; Honolulu; Washington, DC; the New York Choral Society; and The Mendelsohn Club of Philadelphia. Performances of Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony have been performed with The Baltimore Symphony, The Symphony in Bogota, Colombia, and The New Haven Symphony.
Professor Hopkins has sung Orff’s “Carmina Burana” with the Colorado Symphony and with The Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater where he also was a featured soloist in “Revelations”. For Eve Queler’s Opera Orchestra of New York, Professor Hopkins has sung “I Vespri Siciliani” and “La Battaglia di Legnano”, both by Verdi; “Il Pirata” (Bellini), “Joan of Arc” (Tchaikovsky) and “Robert le Diable” (Meyerbeer). With New York City Opera, Professor Hopkins debuted in “Die Soldatan” (Zimmerman) with subsequent performances in “Turandot” (Puccini); “Dr. Faust”, (Busoni) and “The Mother of Three Sons” (Jenkins). Other Operatic performances include: “La Donna del Lago” (Rossini) with The Arizona Opera; “The Prodigal Son” and “Curlew River”, both by Britten in Venice, Italy; and Idomeneo” (Mozart) in Geneva, Switzerland; also “Nabucco” by Verdi with the Queens Choral Society and Opera Ebony.
Additional performances with Opera Ebony and Opera North include: “Lo Schiavo” (Gomes),
“Madam Butterfly” and “La Boheme” both by Puccini; and “La Traviata” and “Aida” both by Verdi.
With the Five Colleges Orchestra, Professor Hopkins has performed: “Tosca” (Puccini) and
Cavaleria Rusticana” (Mascagni) along with “The Barber of Seville” (Rossini) in Martinique. He has sung Undine Moore’s “Scenes in the Life of a Martyr”, with the Philadelphia Orchestra and the Baltimore Symphony.
Professor Hopkins is a featured artist on five recordings: “Blue Monday” (Gershwin) and “Lost in the Stars” (Kurt Weill), a recording of Spirituals entitled “Amazing Grace”, which he conducted, “The Gospel At Carnegie Hall” and “Done Paid My Vow” (Hailstork).
Professor Hopkins is currently the Artistic Director of Harlem Opera Theater, Inc.

African American Religious Music Projects
He has performed the title role in “The Ordering of Moses” with the National Symphony and “I Will Lift Up Mine Eyes”, by Hailstork, with the Atlanta Symphony, Philadelphia Orchestra, Berkshire Choral Festival, Baltimore Symphony, and Chattanooga Symphony. Additionally, Gregory Hopkins has performed, also by Hailstork, “Done Paid My Vow” with the Long Island Philharmonic, and the world premiere of “Deborah” (Schoenfield) with the Haifa Symphony in Israel and in the United States with the National Symphony in DC as part of the 50th Anniversary of Israel.
Professor Gregory H. Hopkins has been the Minister of Music at the Convent Avenue Baptist Church in New York City for seventeen years. He is responsible for 300 voices in eight choirs, a music staff of seven, and their leadership in worship. In this capacity, he has conducted concerts with choruses and orchestras featuring music from Handel to Duke Ellington along with traditional African music, hymns, Gospel, and Negro Spirituals.
Gregory Hopkins is an adjunct professor of music at Morgan State University in Baltimore, Maryland. Additionally, he has served as Director of Music of the National Baptist Convention and Assistant Director of Hampton University’s Ministers Conference. He serves as a vocal instructor at the Thomas Dorsey’s National Convention of Gospel Choirs and Choruses, Lecturer, “Music in the African American Church” at Westminster Choir College and the Seminary of the East. Professor Hopkins has toured his choirs in North America, Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Israel, and Korea spreading the Good News through song.
He has been commissioned by Harlem Opera Theater to set up projects geared to open opportunities to African American singers with solid training backgrounds.

PRESS REVIEWS

060916 - http://www.hoy.com.ec/NoticiaNue.asp?row_id=245446
051024 - http://www.losandes.com.ar/nota.asp?nrc=40258
051024 - http://www.losandes.com.ar/nota.asp?nrc=39199
050930 – Mercurio – sin link
040504 - http://www.eldia.com.ar/ediciones/20040504/espectaculos2.asp
040504 - http://www.ambitoweb.com/edicionesanteriores/noticiahs.asp?id=171809
030906 – http://www.lavoz.com.ar/NotaAnterior.asp?nota_id=189303&high=gospel
030902 - http://www.ambitoweb.com/edicionesanteriores/noticiahs.asp?id=139470&seccion=Espect%E1culos&fecha=2/9/2003
030818 - http://www.lanacion.com.ar/Archivo/Nota.asp?nota_id=520102
010902 - http://buscador.lanacion.com.ar/Nota.asp?nota_id=332067&high=Hopkins%20alegr%EDa%20gospel
000827 - http://buscador.lanacion.com.ar/Nota.asp?nota_id=30587&high=Canto%20religioso%20clave%20alegre
990902 - http://buscador.lanacion.com.ar/Nota.asp?nota_id=151914&high=Harlem%20mejores%20voces%20gospel
980816 -http://buscador.lanacion.com.ar/Nota.asp?nota_id=107158&high=gospel%20hecho%20especialistas


BIOGRAPHY
Great Voices of Gospel is an internationally acclaimed music theater show which features Gregory Hopkins and the Harlem Jubilee Singers. This is a touring configuration derived from the Inspirational Ensemble, the young adult choir from the Convent Avenue Baptist Church, Harlem, New York City. The Inspirational Ensemble was founded in 1982 by Juanita David. This is one of the eight choirs of Ministry of Music of CABC, which total over 300 active singers. It’s current director, Prof. Gregory Hopkins, has been the Minister of Music since 1989.
In the United States, the Inspirational Ensemble, under Mr. Hopkins direction, has performed at Carnegie Hall, the Jacob Javits Center, The Schomburg Center, the New York Historical Society, Columbia University and St. Paul Cathedral, among many other venues. Programmes have included, Negro Spirituals and Gospel Music, Jazz and Classical Music.
For the past 10 years, Gregory Hopkins has been touring Latin America on yearly basis, with the Inspirational Ensemble, the Great Men of Gospel, the Great Voices of Gospel and the Harlem All Saints Gospel Quartet.
Gregory Hopkins, Director
Gregory Hopkins is an operatic tenor, with a classical training and background, and is also the Artistic Director of Harlem Opera Theater Inc. (for detailed bio go to Director)
Harlem Gospel & Jazz Theater, Latin American Tours.
As a result of a joint initiative of the late Ms. Leonor Luro Anchorena, and arts promoter Arturo Carvajal, Gregory Hopkins and the Inspirational Ensemble initiated a series of annual tours, openning at Teatro Avenida in Buenos Aires in 1998 under the auspices of Festivales Musicales de Buenos Aires, They were immediately reinvited by Festivales Musicales for it’s 1999 season.
This collaboration with Arturo Carvajal took root, and as a consequence Gregory Hopkins has toured Latin America directing his choirs (Great Men of Gospel, Great Voices of Gospel and All Saints Gospel Quartet) on yearly basis.
In Buenos Aires they have filled to capacity the largest theater venues: Teatro Gran Rex and Luna Park. In Santiago, Chile, they have performed regularly at the prestigious Teatro Municipal. In Rio, Brazil, they have performed at Teatro Municipal in 2007. In Bogota, Colombia, they have performed at the theater of Biblioteca Luis Angel Arango. In Quito, Ecuador, they have performed at Casa de La Musica under the auspices of Sociedad Filarmonica, and the Teatro Centro de Arte of Guayaquil; in Uruguay, at Teatro Solis of Montevideo and the Conrad Hotel in Punta del Este, under the auspices of Centro Cultural de Musica.
In Argentina they have also performed at Teatro Argentino in La Plata; Teatro Libertador, in Cordoba; Teatro El Circulo in Rosario and Teatro San Martin in Tucuman (as a part of the Septiembre Musical Festival), and Auditorio of San Juan under the auspices of Mozarteum Argentino, among many other venues.

PHOTO GALLERY

GOSPEL HISTORY
African American religious music has had an important place in American culture from its beginnings in nineteenth-century Negro spirituals to the development of twentieth-century black Gospel music. Most scholars agree that the roots of Negro Spirituals can be found in the white camp meeting songs, but that the performance style and the changes in songs reflect the cultural heritage of Africa and the black experience in the South. Whites placed emphasis on the words of religious songs, and blacks generally emphasized the music over the words. Black religious music has been characterized by vocal effects difficult to indicate by standard notation, elaborate vocal ornamentation, frequent melodic interjections, extreme freedom and individuality in performance, strong kinetic factors in performance (e.g., shouting and dancing), heavy improvisation, complex rhythms, and call and response/solo and chorus style. Black college singers such as the famous Fisk University Jubilee Singers firmly established the Negro Spiritual during the later nineteenth century. These jubilee singers and all-black minstrel shows, along with the rise of the holiness movement at the end of the nineteenth century, constituted the roots of twentieth-century black Gospel style. Black gospel music came into its own in the 1930s with such composers as Thomas A. Dorsey adding Gospel lyrics to the blues and jazz traditions. Two nationally prominent black Gospel composers--Lucie E. Campbell and the Reverend William H. Brewster ("Surely God Is Able")--were from Memphis. Black Gospel quartets began to flourish in the 1940s at the beginning of the golden age of Gospel music (1945-60), and Tennessee was prominent in the movement. Black quartets usually consisted of four to six voices, one of which was the lead singer. As black Gospel flourished, quartets were all-male, all-female, or mixed. In addition the tradition included larger Gospel choirs, which became a standard feature in African American church services. Modern recording and broadcasting technologies and commercialization expanded the choirs' influence after World War II. Even as secular music influenced Gospel music, Gospel music influenced much of secular music--jazz, blues, and soul. This cross-pollination process is still bearing new fruits in many musical fields, including opera and classical music.
Notes on Negro Spirituals and Gospel Music:
http://www.artofthenegrospiritual.com/research/GospelTruthNegroSpiritual.pdf
Save the African American Spiritual Fidelio Article, Spring 2001 issue. Sylvia Olden Lee, who is featured in this article, was Gregory Hopkins vocal coach and mentor.
http://www.schillerinstitute.org/fid_97-01/fid_011_spirituals.html

ENQUIRIES
For further information or enquiries please e-mail Arturo Carvajal at:

Or call: (347) 4105021
Latin American Agent: Conciertos Grapa elgrap@uolsinectis.com.ar
phone: (5411) 4813-2724

LINKS
On Duke Ellingtons Sacred Concerts: http://www.music.princeton.edu/~jeffery/ellington.html
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyid=1752678
On Gospel Mass: http://www.uumcsatx.org/Content/395.htm
Harlem Opera Theater web site: http://www.harlemoperatheater.org/
Gospel Wedding in Buenos Aires, 2005
http://blip.tv/file/get/ArturoCarvajal-ReginaArturosWedding534.wmv


SPANISH VERSION

HARLEM GOSPEL & JAZZ THEATER
Afiliado a Harlem Opera Theater, Inc.

arturo@harlemgospelandjazz.com tel 347 4105021

VIDEO DEMOS
1) Luna Park, Buenos Aires, 2001.
2) Duke Ellington Sacred Concerts, Santiago, 2005.
3) Porgy and Bess excerpts, 2006.
4) How I've Got Over, 2006.

EXTRACTOS DE PRENSA

"El San Martín vivió una fiesta religiosa con los fantásticos acordes del gospel.
El coro estadounidense de negros brindó dos funciones a sala llena y con gran
repercusión." Juan Pablo Sanchez Noli, La Gaceta, Tucuman, 2005 "Con Hopkins y su coro volvió el mejor gospel." Ricardo Salton, Ambito Financiero, Buenos Aires, 2003
”Un coro mixto de la iglesia de la Convent Avenue, de Harlem, hizo vibrar el Luna Park durante tres noches. El canto religioso provocó una emoción indescriptible.” Jorge Aulicino, Clarin, Buenos Aires, 2001

COROS

Harlem Jubilee Singers (Great Voices of Gospel)
Great Men of Gospel
Inspirational Ensemble, C.A.B.C.
All Saints Gospel Quartet

DIRECTOR

Gregory Henry Hopkins is a native of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and holds degrees in Music from Temple University and Curtis Institute of Music.

Operatic Background:
He is the winner of top prizes in the Buseto Verdi Competition and the Mantova International Vocal Competition, both in Italy. Professor Hopkins has sung the role of Othello with the Metropolitan Opera Education department. He has sung the Manzoni Requiem be Verdi with the Orchestras of Anchorage, Alaska; Chicago Illinois; Honolulu; Washington, DC; the New York Choral Society; and The Mendelsohn Club of Philadelphia. Performances of Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony have been performed with The Baltimore Symphony, The Symphony in Bogota, Colombia, and The New Haven Symphony.
Professor Hopkins has sung Orff’s “Carmina Burana” with the Colorado Symphony and with The Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater where he also was a featured soloist in “Revelations”. For Eve Queler’s Opera Orchestra of New York, Professor Hopkins has sung “I Vespri Siciliani” and “La Battaglia di Legnano”, both by Verdi; “Il Pirata” (Bellini), “Joan of Arc” (Tchaikovsky) and “Robert le Diable” (Meyerbeer). With New York City Opera, Professor Hopkins debuted in “Die Soldatan” (Zimmerman) with subsequent performances in “Turandot” (Puccini); “Dr. Faust”, (Busoni) and “The Mother of Three Sons” (Jenkins). Other Operatic performances include: “La Donna del Lago” (Rossini) with The Arizona Opera; “The Prodigal Son” and “Curlew River”, both by Britten in Venice, Italy; and Idomeneo” (Mozart) in Geneva, Switzerland; also “Nabucco” by Verdi with the Queens Choral Society and Opera Ebony.
Additional performances with Opera Ebony and Opera North include: “Lo Schiavo” (Gomes),
“Madam Butterfly” and “La Boheme” both by Puccini; and “La Traviata” and “Aida” both by Verdi.
With the Five Colleges Orchestra, Professor Hopkins has performed: “Tosca” (Puccini) and
Cavaleria Rusticana” (Mascagni) along with “The Barber of Seville” (Rossini) in Martinique. He has sung Undine Moore’s “Scenes in the Life of a Martyr”, with the Philadelphia Orchestra and the Baltimore Symphony.
Professor Hopkins is a featured artist on five recordings: “Blue Monday” (Gershwin) and “Lost in the Stars” (Kurt Weill), a recording of Spirituals entitled “Amazing Grace”, which he conducted, “The Gospel At Carnegie Hall” and “Done Paid My Vow” (Hailstork).
Professor Hopkins is currently the Artistic Director of Harlem Opera Theater, Inc.

African American Religious Music Projects
He has performed the title role in “The Ordering of Moses” with the National Symphony and “I Will Lift Up Mine Eyes”, by Hailstork, with the Atlanta Symphony, Philadelphia Orchestra, Berkshire Choral Festival, Baltimore Symphony, and Chattanooga Symphony. Additionally, Gregory Hopkins has performed, also by Hailstork, “Done Paid My Vow” with the Long Island Philharmonic, and the world premiere of “Deborah” (Schoenfield) with the Haifa Symphony in Israel and in the United States with the National Symphony in DC as part of the 50th Anniversary of Israel.
Professor Gregory H. Hopkins has been the Minister of Music at the Convent Avenue Baptist Church in New York City for seventeen years. He is responsible for 300 voices in eight choirs, a music staff of seven, and their leadership in worship. In this capacity, he has conducted concerts with choruses and orchestras featuring music from Handel to Duke Ellington along with traditional African music, hymns, Gospel, and Negro Spirituals.
Gregory Hopkins is an adjunct professor of music at Morgan State University in Baltimore, Maryland. Additionally, he has served as Director of Music of the National Baptist Convention and Assistant Director of Hampton University’s Ministers Conference. He serves as a vocal instructor at the Thomas Dorsey’s National Convention of Gospel Choirs and Choruses, Lecturer, “Music in the African American Church” at Westminster Choir College and the Seminary of the East. Professor Hopkins has toured his choirs in North America, Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Israel, and Korea spreading the Good News through song.
He has been commissioned by Harlem Opera Theater to set up projects geared to open opportunities to African American singers with solid training backgrounds.

PRENSA

060916 - http://www.hoy.com.ec/NoticiaNue.asp?row_id=245446
051024 - http://www.losandes.com.ar/nota.asp?nrc=40258
051024 - http://www.losandes.com.ar/nota.asp?nrc=39199
050930 – Mercurio – sin link
040504 - http://www.eldia.com.ar/ediciones/20040504/espectaculos2.asp
040504 - http://www.ambitoweb.com/edicionesanteriores/noticiahs.asp?id=171809
030906 – http://www.lavoz.com.ar/NotaAnterior.asp?nota_id=189303&high=gospel
030902 - http://www.ambitoweb.com/edicionesanteriores/noticiahs.asp?id=139470&seccion=Espect%E1culos&fecha=2/9/2003
030818 - http://www.lanacion.com.ar/Archivo/Nota.asp?nota_id=520102
010902 - http://buscador.lanacion.com.ar/Nota.asp?nota_id=332067&high=Hopkins%20alegr%EDa%20gospel
000827 - http://buscador.lanacion.com.ar/Nota.asp?nota_id=30587&high=Canto%20religioso%20clave%20alegre
990902 - http://buscador.lanacion.com.ar/Nota.asp?nota_id=151914&high=Harlem%20mejores%20voces%20gospel
980816 -http://buscador.lanacion.com.ar/Nota.asp?nota_id=107158&high=gospel%20hecho%20especialistas

ANTECEDENTES

Great Voices of Gospel, es un internacionalmente aclamando espectaculo musical protagonizado por Gregory Hopkins y the Harlem Jubilee Singers. Esta es la conformacion para giras derivada del Inspirational Ensemble, coro juvenil de la Convent Avenue Baptist Church (CABC), de Harlem, New York, fundado en 1982 por Juanita David. El Inspirational Ensemble es uno de los 8 coros que integran el Servicio de Música de la CABC. La dirección de este Servicio de Música, que cuenta con más de 300 cantantes activos, está hace 17 años a cargo de Gregory Hopkins.
En los EE.UU. el Inspirational Ensemble, bajo la dirección de Gregory Hopkins, ha cantado en el Carnegie Hall, el Jacob Javits Center, el Schomburg Center, la New York Historical Society, Columbia University y la Catedral de St. Paul, entre otros lugares. Su repertorio abarca desde Negro Spirituals, Gospel, Jazz religioso y música clásica.
En Sudamerica ya son un clásico las giras del Inspirational Ensemble (coro mixto), y el Male Choir (coro de hombres) de la misma iglesia, todos bajo la dirección de Gregory Hopkins, siempre aclamados por la crítica y el público.
Gregory Hopkins, Director
Gregory Hopkins es un tenor lírico de formación clásica, y es también director artístico del Harlem Opera Theater, Inc. (por biografia ir a Director)
Harlem Gospel & Jazz Theater, Tours Latinoamericanos
A partir de una iniciativa conjunta de Leonor Luro Anchorena y Arturo Carvajal, Gregory Hopkins y sus coros estrenaron en el Teatro Avenida en agosto de 1998, invitado por Festivales Musicales de Buenos Aires. En razón del éxito de la presentación hizo que fueran reinvitados por Festivales Musicales para su temporada 1999.
La continua colaboración de Gregory Hopkins y Arturo Carvajal desde entonces ha resultado en que hasta la fecha, han realizado nueve giras anuales consecutivas en América Latina con sus coros (Great Voices of Gospel, Great Men of Gospel y Harlem All Saints Gospel Quartet, según la ocasión), siempre bajo la dirección de Gregory Hopkins.
En Buenos Aires han llenado año tras año las salas de mayor capacidad de la ciudad: el teatro Gran Rex y el Estadio Luna Park. En Santiago de Chile ha actuado con regularidad en el prestigioso Teatro Municipal; en Colombia, en el Teatro de la Biblioteca Luís Ángel Arango de Bogota; en Río de Janeiro, Brasil, han actuado en el Teatro Municipal en 2007; en Ecuador, en La casa de la Música de Quito (invitados por la Sociedad Filarmónica) y el teatro Centro de Arte, de Guayaquil; en Uruguay el Teatro Solís de Montevideo y El Auditorio del Hotel Conrad de Punta del Este (invitados por el Centro Cultural de Música).
En Argentina han actuado también en el prestigioso Teatro Argentino de la Plata; en Argentina en el Teatro Libertador (ex Rivera Indarte) de Córdoba, invitados por la Fundación Pro Arte; en el Teatro el Circulo de Rosario, Gran Rex de Mendoza; Auditorio de San Juan (invitados por el Mozarteum de San Juan), y en la Gobernación de San Luis y el Teatro San Martín de Tucumán como parte del programa de Septiembre Musical.

FOTOS

EL GOSPEL

La Música y la religión en la Experiencia de la Comunidad Negra Norteamericana
Los Negro Spirituals son canciones religiosas, originarias del Sur americano. Derivan de una experiencia en comunidades rurales, de esclavos en plantaciones. El Negro Spiritual refleja el ritmo del trabajo en las plantaciones, donde los esclavos eran obligados a cantar mientras trabajaban. Tiene un cadencia lenta, intensa y melancólica. Su carácter es primario y ancestral. En las letras, basadas en temas del Antiguo y Nuevo Testamentos, mezclaban su nueva fe, su pesar, su humor, y también los mensajes cifrados de intrigas, escapes y motines. Es un producto de las primeras generaciones de esclavos nacidos en suelo americano. Su desarrollo en el tiempo va del fin del período colonial a la Guerra Civil Norteamericana. Reconocen como punto de origen los himnos de las iglesias protestantes de los blancos. La canción/himno es un elemento central de las ceremonias protestantes, blancas y negras. Los negros asistían entonces a los servicios religiosos entre promovidos o tolerados por los blancos en muchos casos, o celebrados clandestinamente en otros, donde la tradición musical de los himnos protestantes se empieza a llenar de otros ritmos y armonías, basadas golpes de palmas de pies en el piso, gritos e improvisaciones, avanzando en una dirección transática de raíz netamente africana.
Para los negros americanos de los siglos XVIII y XIX, en su gran mayoría esclavos y analfabetos, estas canciones creadas colectivamente y reformuladas una y otra vez en el proceso de transmisión, era un recurso invalorable para recuperar y mantener la memoria del continente perdido, pero por sobre todo, una forma de comunicación, una manera fluida de fijar historias, mitos y leyendas, de trasmitir experiencias. También reflejan el esfuerzo de ''cristianizar'' sus prácticas rituales ancestrales, a modo de inserción en el nuevo contexto cultural. Para quienes toda posesión es básicamente negada, una tradición musical, dada su inmaterialidad, se convierte en el modo de trasmitir y conservar contenidos, aún de forma inestable y precaria. Así deviene la forma cultural por excelencia de los negros en los Estados Unidos.
En el Sur, la esclavitud no se abolió hasta el fin de la Guerra de Secesión, en 1865. La agricultura, de mano de obra intensiva ocupaba un lugar central en la economía del Sur. En el Norte, en cambio, aunque la fecha no es la misma de estado a estado, en 1824 ya no quedaban estados abiertamente esclavistas. Esto origina una clara diferenciación en la experiencia vital de los negros en ambos contextos. A partir del fin de al Guerra Civil, en el período llamado de Reconstrucción, los negros americanos van ganando acceso a mejores oportunidades, y a una educación formal. Comienza también un fenómeno migratorio hacia las ciudades del norte. Proceso que se intensifica con la instauración de la segregación racial en el sur hacia fines del siglo XIX.
La Musica Gospel, religiosa también, (Gospel es Evangelio en inglés), refleja la experiencia de los negros en las ciudades del norte. El Gospel es un producto de las primeras de décadas del siglo XX, del período de conformación de las ciudades modernas. La velocidad y el clamor urbano se refleja en su ritmo sincopado. Aunque deriva del Spiritual y de otras formas musicales del siglo XIX, es por 1900 que empieza a ganarse lugar en las iglesias Pentecostales. Thomas Dorsey, exitoso compositor e interprete de Blues, llamado el padre de la Música Gospel, la impone definitivamente para 1930 en la Iglesia Bautista, la que, mas conservadora, lo había empezado a aceptar de mala gana a partir de los años 20. Con una fuerte raíz en el Blues, y un fluido intercambio con el Jazz, que está evolucionando en paralelo, tiene algo del ritmo frenético de las ciudades americanas modernas.
Es música escrita, por músicos formados. Pero mantiene, como el Blues y el Jazz, la estructura dinámica y abierta de sus antecedentes tradicionales. Es normal que el compositor deje lugar para la improvisación el las partituras.
Duke Ellington es la figura de referencia en el coming of age de la música negra norteamericana. Ellington Es alguien a quien uno imagina dirigiendo su orquesta frente a una pista de baile en el legendario Cotton Club, en Harlem, donde de hecho debuto en 1921. Si bienes referido mas frecuentemente como el compositor de canciones mas que celebres, como Solitude, Mood Indigo o Satin Doll,, a partir de 1931 comienza a producir composiciones mas ambiciosas, a escala de concierto. En 1943 debuta en el Carnagie Hall de Nueva York, en lo que se convertirá en una serie regular de conciertos anuales. También compuso música para ballet, como el Harlem Nutcracker Suite, y música religiosa, los Sacred Concerts.
Elligton presenta los Sacred Concerts por primera vea en al Grace Cathedral de San Francisco en 1965. Luego seran ejecutados en la Sinagoga de Beverly Hills, en la Catedral de Coventry y en St. John the Devine de Nueva Cork en 1968. Con estos conciertos Ellington desarticula el arraigado prejuicio de que el Jazz era la versión pecaminosa de la música negra. El inicio de la carrera de Ellington y del jazz en general estaba asociado en la percepción de mucha gente a actividades y lugares nocturnos y mundanos, donde en los años 20 se infringía la Ley Seca, entre otras muchas leyes y Mandamientos.
Ellington al ejecutar estos trabajos creía que estaba propagando un mensaje divino, y de un modo más pragmático, contaba con que atraerían a las iglesias a un público que de otro modo no hubiera acudido.
Estos conciertos son un testimonio de la fuerza de las formas culturales hibridas y abiertas. Dentro de la tradición de la música negra norteamericana, las vertientes sacra y profana están entrecruzadas desde sus inicios, y han marcado el camino a una gran parte de la música popular y culta del siglo XX.
Durante los últimos tres siglos, la música ha sido el referente cultural de esta comunidad. Y las iglesias el marco de su organización política y su funcionamiento social. Su papel protagónico en la Revolución de Derechos Civiles Norteamericana en los años 60 es un ejemplo insoslayable.
Además de la posibilidad de reencontrarse con su pasado ancestral, la necesidad de crear un locus cultural, una memoria poética, explica esta obstinada pasión por la música en la cultura negra norteamericana. Pasión que contagia primero los blancos de su entorno inmediato, trascendiendo a la sociedad americana entonces en formación y más tarde, con la aparición de los medios de los fonogramas y luego la radio, al mundo entero.
Arturo Carvajal, New York, 2005

CONTACTENOS
Por consultas y contrataciones por favor dirigir correo a Arturo Carvajal:

o llamar (347) 4105021
Agente para América Latina: Conciertos Grapa Tel: (5411) 4813-2724 elgrap@uolsinectis.com.ar

LINKS
On Duke Ellingtons Sacred Concerts: http://www.music.princeton.edu/~jeffery/ellington.html
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyid=1752678
On Gospel Mass: http://www.uumcsatx.org/Content/395.htm
Harlem Opera Theater web site: http://www.harlemoperatheater.org/
Gospel Wedding in Buenos Aires, 2005
http://blip.tv/file/get/ArturoCarvajal-ReginaArturosWedding534.wmv